How to Become a Firefighter

Firefighters put out and prevent fires, rescue people and animals from dangerous situations, and provide emergency medical services. They use a variety of tools and techniques, including fire hoses, ladders, and chemical retardants. They also work to reduce the risk of fires by performing inspections and public education.

To become a firefighter, you need at least a high school diploma or equivalent and pass three separate exams—written, physical, and psychological. You’ll also undergo a background investigation and a drug screening. The oral interview usually covers your short- and lifetime career goals, your vision as a life in firefighting, and why you want to join the specific agency or department you’re applying to.

Once you’re hired, you go through an apprenticeship program, which typically lasts up to four years. You’ll be given a combination of classroom instruction and practical experience, under the supervision of veteran firefighters. You’ll learn about the different parts of a fire truck and how to use firefighting equipment, such as axes, oxygen tanks, and nozzles. You’ll also be taught to read maps and charts, understand the principles of fire behavior, and take part in drills and training exercises.

Firefighters spend most of their time at the fire station, but when they get a call, they must quickly put on their personal protective equipment and head to the scene. They’re often exposed to extreme heat, smoke, and noise when they enter burning buildings or extinguish dangerous chemicals. They also face the possibility of being injured or even killed in the line of duty.

In addition to fighting fires, firefighters are called on to respond to automobile accidents, medical emergencies, hazardous materials incidents, and natural disasters. They have to be able to think fast and communicate effectively, as well as make split-second decisions in high-stress situations. Firefighters are often part of a team, and they form a close bond with each other.

Some of the more common firefighting tactics may seem destructive, such as opening holes in walls or windows to ventilate a structure (called vertical ventilation), or cutting down trees and bushes to control wildfires. However, these strategies are often necessary to preserve the lives of trapped people or animals and protect valuable property.

Some firefighters choose to continue their education and earn bachelor’s or master’s degrees in subjects such as fire science, emergency medical training, fire safety, fire protection systems, and firefighting strategy. They can then move up the ranks, from firefighter to engineer, lieutenant, captain, battalion chief, assistant chief, and eventually fire chief. They can also become volunteer firefighters, gaining firsthand experience and serving their communities at the same time. Firefighters are passionate about their work and feel a strong sense of camaraderie with each other, which is why many describe it as being part of a brotherhood.